HttpClientStudy/Docs/1.3.1.基础使用.发送请求.ipynb

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   "source": [
    "# 基础使用-发送请求"
   ]
  },
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   "source": [
    "## 0、初始化与全局设置"
   ]
  },
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    "//全局设置，行运行一次，为后续准备\n",
    "#r \"nuget:System.Net.Http.Json\"\n",
    "#r \"nuget:Microsoft.Net.Http.Headers\"\n",
    "#r \"nuget:Microsoft.Extensions.Http\"\n",
    "#r \"nuget:Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection\"\n",
    "#r \"./Publish/HttpClientStudy.Model/HttpClientStudy.Model.dll\"\n",
    "#r \"./Publish/HttpClientStudy.Core/HttpClientStudy.Core.dll\"\n",
    "\n",
    "global using System;\n",
    "global using System.Collections;\n",
    "global using System.Collections.Concurrent;\n",
    "global using System.Linq;\n",
    "global using System.Linq.Expressions;\n",
    "global using System.Threading;\n",
    "global using System.Threading.Tasks;\n",
    "global using System.Net.Http;\n",
    "//System.Net.Http.Json 包含处理json的扩展方法，方便处理请求和影响中的json数据\n",
    "global using System.Net.Http.Json;\n",
    "global using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;\n",
    "global using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.Extensions;\n",
    "\n",
    "global using HttpClientStudy.Config;\n",
    "global using HttpClientStudy.Model;\n",
    "global using HttpClientStudy.Core;\n",
    "global using HttpClientStudy.Core.Utilities;\n",
    "\n",
    "//全局变量\n",
    "var webApiBaseUrl = WebApiConfigManager.GetWebApiConfig().BaseUrl;\n",
    "var workDir = Environment.CurrentDirectory;\n",
    "var fullPath = System.IO.Path.GetFullPath(\"./Publish/HttpClientStudy.WebApp/HttpClientStudy.WebApp.exe\", workDir);\n",
    "\n",
    "//全局共享静态 HttpClient 对象\n",
    "public static HttpClient SharedClient = new HttpClient(new SocketsHttpHandler(){ PooledConnectionIdleTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30)})\n",
    "{\n",
    "    BaseAddress = new Uri(WebApiConfigManager.GetWebApiConfig().BaseUrl),\n",
    "};\n",
    "\n",
    "//启动已发布的WebApi项目\n",
    "{\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine(\"启动WebApi项目\");\n",
    "    var startMessage = AppUtility.RunWebApiExeFile(fullPath);\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine(startMessage);\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 1、创建HttpClient"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "根据 系列教程的 `管理客户端` 一章, 创建的HttpClient对象，有非常多的方式。\n",
    "为方便演示，本节使用两种：一种是全局共享对象(SharedClient, 在初始化时创建), 符合共享的使用原则; 一种是临时实例化对象。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 2、发出 Http请求"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Http 简介"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "http是无状态的请求/响应模式。\n",
    "\n",
    "客户端请求: 请求行(方法 URL 协议版本 回车换行符)、请求头、空行及可选的请求体；\n",
    "\n",
    "![客户端请求消息](./Assets/RequestMessage.png)\n",
    "\n",
    "服务器响应：状态行(协议版本 状态码 状态码描述 回车换行符)、响应头及可选的响应体。\n",
    "\n",
    "![客户端请求消息](./Assets/ResponseMessage.jpg)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Http 请求方法"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Http请求方法可通过多种特性区分：\n",
    "\n",
    "1. 谓词：也就是请求方法，Post、Get、Put、Delete、Options、Head等；\n",
    "2. 幂等性：如果可多次成功处理某个请求方法而不改变结果，则该请求方法是幂等的；\n",
    "3. 可缓存性：如果可以存储请求方法的相应响应以供重复使用，则该请求方法是可缓存的；\n",
    "4. 安全性：如果请求方法不会修改资源的状态，则被视为安全方法。所有安全方法也都是幂等方法，但并非所有幂等方法都是安全方法；\n",
    "\n",
    "    | **HTTP 方法** | **是否是幂等的**   | **是否可缓存** | **是否安全**    |\n",
    "    | ------------- | ----------------  | -------------- | ------------    |\n",
    "    | `GET`         | ✔️ 是             | ✔️ 是           | ✔️ 是         |\n",
    "    | `POST`        | ❌ 否             | ⚠️ †很少        | ❌ 否         |\n",
    "    | `PUT`         | ✔️ 是             | ❌ 否           | ❌ 否         |\n",
    "    | `PATCH`       | ❌ 否             | ❌ 否           | ❌ 否         |\n",
    "    | `DELETE`      | ✔️ 是             | ❌ 否           | ❌ 否         |\n",
    "    | `HEAD`        | ✔️ 是             | ✔️ 是           | ✔️ 是         |\n",
    "    | `OPTIONS`     | ✔️ 是             | ❌ 否           | ✔️ 是         |\n",
    "    | `TRACE`       | ✔️ 是             | ❌ 否           | ✔️ 是         |\n",
    "    | `CONNECT`     | ❌ 否             | ❌ 否           | ❌ 否         |\n",
    "> \n",
    ">†仅当存在相应的 Cache-Control 或 Expires 响应标头时，POST 方法才可缓存。 这在实践中非常罕见。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Http 状态码"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Http 状态码是响应的首要标识，指定响应的不同结果，分为以下几类：\n",
    "\n",
    "1. 1xx：信息，表示临时响应，大多数临时响应 (例如 HttpStatusCode.Continue) 使用 HttpClient 在内部处理，并且永远不会显示给用户；\n",
    "2. 2xx：成功，表示请求已被成功接收、理解、并接受；\n",
    "3. 3xx：重定向，表示需要完成一个或多个附加步骤才能完成请求，自动重定向默认处于打开状态，可以使用 HttpClientHandler.AllowAutoRedirect 或 SocketsHttpHandler.AllowAutoRedirect 进行更改；\n",
    "4. 4xx：客户端错误，表示客户端的请求无效(请求包含语法错误或无法完成请求)；\n",
    "5. 5xx：服务器错误，表示服务器在处理请求的过程中发生了错误。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 使用 HttpClient 发出请求"
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "要发出 HTTP 请求，请调用以下任一 API：\n",
    "\n",
    "| HTTP 方法         | API                          |\n",
    "| ----------------- | ---------------------------- |\n",
    "| `GET`             | HttpClient.GetAsync          |\n",
    "| `GET`             | HttpClient.GetByteArrayAsync |\n",
    "| `GET`             | HttpClient.GetStreamAsync    |\n",
    "| `GET`             | HttpClient.GetStringAsync    |\n",
    "| `POST`            | HttpClient.PostAsync         |\n",
    "| `PUT`             | HttpClient.PutAsync          |\n",
    "| `PATCH`           | HttpClient.PatchAsync        |\n",
    "| `DELETE`          | HttpClient.DeleteAsync       |\n",
    "| †`USER SPECIFIED` | HttpClient.SendAsync         |\n",
    "\n",
    "<br>\n",
    "\n",
    "> †USER SPECIFIED 请求指示 SendAsync 方法接受任何有效的 HttpMethod。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Http 内容"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "HttpContent 类型用于表示 HTTP 实体正文和相应的内容标头。 对于需要正文的 HTTP 方法（或请求方法）POST、PUT 和 PATCH，可使用 HttpContent 类来指定请求的正文。\n",
    "大多数示例演示如何使用 JSON 有效负载准备 StringContent 子类，但还有针对其他内容 (MIME) 类型的其他子类。\n",
    "\n",
    "- ByteArrayContent：提供基于字节数组的 HTTP 内容；\n",
    "- FormUrlEncodedContent：为使用 \"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\" MIME 类型编码的名称/值元组提供 HTTP 内容；\n",
    "- JsonContent：提供基于 JSON 的 HTTP 内容；\n",
    "- MultipartContent：提供使用 \"multipart/*\" MIME 类型规范进行序列化的 HttpContent 对象的集合；\n",
    "- MultipartFormDataContent：为使用 \"multipart/form-data\" MIME 类型进行编码的内容提供容器；\n",
    "- ReadOnlyMemoryContent：提供基于 ReadOnlyMemory<T> 的 HTTP 内容；\n",
    "- StreamContent：提供基于流的 HTTP 内容；\n",
    "- StringContent：提供基于字符串的 HTTP 内容\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Http Get"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "GET 请求不应发送正文，而是用于从资源检索数据。 要在给定 HttpClient 和 URI 的情况下发出 HTTP GET 请求，推荐使用 HttpClient.GetAsync 方法。\n",
    "\n",
    "> Get 请求，一般不会发送数据（服务器支持的话，也能带），最大特点是：可以缓存请求结果,减少服务器压力。"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "//Get 请求\n",
    "{\n",
    "    //使用共享客户端发送Get请求\n",
    "    var response = await SharedClient.GetAsync(\"/api/hello/index\");\n",
    "\n",
    "    //确保请求成功\n",
    "    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();\n",
    "\n",
    "    //读取响应内容\n",
    "    var content = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();\n",
    "\n",
    "    //输出 响应内容\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine(content);\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Http Get Json"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "System.Net.Http.Json 库，为请求Json格式数据和接受json格式数据提供了很多扩展方法，使用 HttpClient 发送和请求Json格式数据非常方便;    \n",
    "后面单独章节讲解，这里只是一个例子."
   ]
  },
  {
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   "source": [
    "/*\n",
    "    方式一：使用 System.Net.Http.Json\n",
    "    Get Json\n",
    "    需要先引入 System.Net.Http.Json 和 命名空间(全局设置里已完成)\n",
    "*/\n",
    "{\n",
    "\n",
    "    //使用共享客户端发送Get请求\n",
    "    var content = await SharedClient.GetFromJsonAsync<HttpClientStudy.Model.Account>(\"/api/hello/GetAccount\");\n",
    "\n",
    "    //框架显示方法\n",
    "    content.Display();\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "/*\n",
    "    方式二：ReadFromJsonAsync 方法，读取响应内容(HttpResonseMessage.Content)\n",
    "*/\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var response = await SharedClient.GetAsync(\"/api/hello/GetAccount\");\n",
    "    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();\n",
    "\n",
    "    var content = await response.Content.ReadFromJsonAsync<HttpClientStudy.Model.Account>();\n",
    "    content.Display();\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "/*\n",
    "    方式三：手动序列化读取的响应内容\n",
    "*/\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var response = await SharedClient.GetAsync(\"/api/hello/GetAccount\");\n",
    "    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();\n",
    "\n",
    "    var content = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();\n",
    "    \n",
    "    var account =  System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Deserialize<HttpClientStudy.Model.Account>(content);\n",
    "    account.Display();\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## HTTP Post"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "POST 请求将数据发送到服务器进行处理。 请求的 Content-Type 标头表示正文发送的 MIME 类型。 要在给定 HttpClient 和 Uri 的情况下发出 HTTP POST 请求，请使用 HttpClient.PostAsync 方法.\n",
    "请求数据可选：包括 请求URL、路由、请求头、请求体(包括多种方式，后面详解)"
   ]
  },
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   "source": [
    "//不带请求体\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var response = await SharedClient.PostAsync(\"/api/hello/Post\",null);\n",
    "    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();\n",
    "\n",
    "    var context = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();\n",
    "\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine(context);\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//带请求体\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var account = new Account()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        Id =0,\n",
    "        Name = \"小王\",\n",
    "    };\n",
    "\n",
    "    //请求体有很多：后面专门章节讲解\n",
    "    var requestContent = new StringContent(System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(account), System.Text.Encoding.UTF8, System.Net.Mime.MediaTypeNames.Application.Json);\n",
    "\n",
    "    var response = await SharedClient.PostAsync(\"/api/hello/AddAccount\", requestContent);\n",
    "    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();\n",
    "\n",
    "    var context = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();\n",
    "\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine(context);\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## HTTP Put"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "PUT 请求方法会替换现有资源，或使用请求正文有效负载创建一个新资源。 要在给定 HttpClient 和 URI 的情况下发出 HTTP PUT 请求，请使用 HttpClient.PutAsync 方法。"
   ]
  },
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   "source": [
    "/* Put请求, 一般是添加或修改资源:需要数据。\n",
    "   这里故意使用查询，没有资源：\n",
    "   意在说明：Get、Post、Put等谓词的使用,只是行业规范(有些服务器做了特殊处理)，不具有强制性。并且，从http协议上说，没有本质区别。      \n",
    "*/\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var response = await SharedClient.PutAsync(\"/api/Normal/PutDemo?id=2\", null);\n",
    "\n",
    "    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();\n",
    "\n",
    "    var content = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine(content);\n",
    "\n",
    "    //或者直接获取对象\n",
    "    var result = await response.Content.ReadFromJsonAsync<BaseResult<Account>>();\n",
    "    result.Display();\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## HTTP Head"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "HEAD 请求类似于请求 GET。 它只返回与资源关联的标头，而不返回资源。 对 HEAD 请求的响应不会返回正文。  \n",
    "要在给定 HttpClient 和 URI 的情况下发出 HTTP HEAD 请求，请使用 HttpClient.SendAsync 方法并将 HttpMethod 设置为 HttpMethod.Head \n",
    "注意：系统没有提供单独的Head方法，要使用通用的Send或者SendAsync"
   ]
  },
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   "source": [
    "//Head请求，借助SendAsync方法\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var requestMessage = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Head, \"/api/Normal/HeadDemo?id=2\");\n",
    "\n",
    "    var response = await SharedClient.SendAsync(requestMessage);\n",
    "\n",
    "    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();\n",
    "\n",
    "    //Head请求，没有响应内容。\n",
    "    var content = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine(response.Content.Headers.ContentLength > 0 ? \"有响应体\":\"无响应体\");\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## HTTP Patch"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "PATCH 请求是对现有资源执行部分更新。 它不会创建新资源，也不会替换现有资源。 而是只更新部分资源。 要在给定 HttpClient 和 URI 的情况下发出 HTTP PATCH 请求，请使用 HttpClient.PatchAsync 方法"
   ]
  },
  {
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   "source": [
    "//Patch请求\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var account = new Account()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        Id = 1,\n",
    "        Name = \"Patch更新\"\n",
    "    };\n",
    "\n",
    "    StringContent jsonContent = new(System.Text.Json.JsonSerializer.Serialize(account), Encoding.UTF8, System.Net.Mime.MediaTypeNames.Application.JsonPatch);\n",
    "\n",
    "    HttpResponseMessage response = await SharedClient.PatchAsync( \"api/Normal/PatchDemo\", jsonContent);\n",
    "\n",
    "    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();\n",
    "\n",
    "    var context = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{context}\");\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## HTTP Delete"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "DELETE 请求会删除现有资源。 DELETE 请求是幂等的但不是安全的，这意味着对同一资源发出的多个 DELETE 请求会产生相同的结果，但该请求会影响资源的状态。 要在给定 HttpClient 和 URI 的情况下发出 HTTP DELETE 请求，请使用 HttpClient.DeleteAsync 方法."
   ]
  },
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   "source": [
    "//Delete 删除资源\n",
    "{\n",
    "    HttpResponseMessage response = await SharedClient.DeleteAsync( \"api/Normal/Delete?id=1\");\n",
    "\n",
    "    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();\n",
    "\n",
    "    var context = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{context}\");\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## HTTP Options"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "OPTIONS 请求用于标识服务器或终结点支持哪些 HTTP 方法。 要在给定 HttpClient 和 URI 的情况下发出 HTTP OPTIONS 请求，请使用 HttpClient.SendAsync 方法并将 HttpMethod 设置为 HttpMethod.Options"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "dotnet_interactive": {
     "language": "csharp"
    },
    "polyglot_notebook": {
     "kernelName": "csharp"
    },
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "polyglot-notebook"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "//Options 预检请求\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var requestMessage = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Options, \"api/Normal/OptionsSimple\");\n",
    "\n",
    "    HttpResponseMessage response = await SharedClient.SendAsync(requestMessage);\n",
    "\n",
    "    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();\n",
    "\n",
    "    var context = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{context}\");\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## HTTP Trace"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "TRACE 请求可用于调试，因为它提供请求消息的应用程序级环回。 要发出 HTTP TRACE 请求，请使用 HttpMethod.Trace 创建 HttpRequestMessage\n",
    "特别注意：ASP.NET WebApi 并不直接支持 Trace 请求；一个简单方法是使用一个专用的中间件，来支持所有接口的Trace请求.(需要服务器支持)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "dotnet_interactive": {
     "language": "csharp"
    },
    "polyglot_notebook": {
     "kernelName": "csharp"
    },
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "polyglot-notebook"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "//trace 服务器已设置专门中间件支持所有接口的Trace请求\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var requestMessage = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Trace,\"api/Normal/TraceDemo?accountId=1\");\n",
    "    requestMessage.Content = new StringContent(\"我是请求内容\",Encoding.UTF8,System.Net.Mime.MediaTypeNames.Text.Plain);\n",
    "\n",
    "    var response = await SharedClient.SendAsync(requestMessage);\n",
    "\n",
    "    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();\n",
    "\n",
    "    var context = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();\n",
    "\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine(context);\n",
    "}"
   ]
  }
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