{
 "cells": [
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "原子操作\n",
    "======="
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "在多线程环境中，因为多个线程可能会同时访问同一个资源，我们需要使用一些方式保证访问不发生冲突，其中最基础的方式就是原子操作。  \n",
    "原子操作是利用 CPU 提供的特性，所以不会阻塞线程。 \n",
    "线程安全方式有：  \n",
    "+ 使用设计，避免多线程中的资源共享\n",
    "+ 利用线程本地存储，使资源复制到线程本地，实现互相独立、互不干扰\n",
    "+ 使用原子操作\n",
    "+ 使用锁\n",
    "+ 使用信号量\n",
    "+ 综合使用"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 全局设置，语言设置、Nuget包引用、空间引用等"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "dotnet_interactive": {
     "language": "csharp"
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    "polyglot_notebook": {
     "kernelName": "csharp"
    },
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "polyglot-notebook"
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "//全局设置\n",
    "#!csharp\n",
    "using System.Threading;\n",
    "using System.Threading.Channels;\n",
    "using System.Threading.Tasks;\n",
    "\n",
    "//全局变量\n",
    "var noteBookThreadDesc = \"NoteBook线程\";\n",
    "\n",
    "//全局方法\n",
    "//显示线程信息\n",
    "public void ShowThreadInfo(Thread showThread=null, string describe = null)\n",
    "{\n",
    "    if(showThread == null)\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        showThread = Thread.CurrentThread;\n",
    "    }\n",
    "\n",
    "    if(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(describe))\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        describe = showThread.Name == null ? \"无名\" : showThread.Name;\n",
    "    }\n",
    "\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{describe}线程ID：{showThread.ManagedThreadId} \");\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{describe}线程名：{showThread.Name} \");\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{describe}线程状态：{showThread.ThreadState} \");\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{describe}线程模式：{showThread.GetApartmentState()} \");\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{describe}激活：{(showThread.IsAlive ? \"活动\" : \"非活动\")} \");\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{describe}线程池线程：{(showThread.IsThreadPoolThread ? \"是的\" : \"否\")} \");\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{describe}后台线：{(showThread.IsBackground ? \"是的\" : \"不是\")} \");\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{describe}区域：{showThread.CurrentCulture}\");\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{describe}UI区域：{showThread.CurrentUICulture}\");\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{describe}优先级：{showThread.Priority}\");\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//显示线程状态\n",
    "public void ShowThreadState(Thread showThread=null, string describe = null)\n",
    "{\n",
    "    if(showThread == null)\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        showThread = Thread.CurrentThread;\n",
    "    }\n",
    "\n",
    "    if(string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(describe))\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        describe = showThread.Name == null ? \"无名\" : showThread.Name;\n",
    "    }\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"{describe}线程状态：{showThread.ThreadState} \");\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## .Net中的原子操作类"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    ".Net中， System.Threading.Interlocked 类提供了用于执行原子操作的函数，这些函数接收引用参数(ref),也就是变量内存地址，然后针对该内存地址的值执行原子操作。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 原子递增 Interlocked.Increment()\n",
    "Interlocked.Increment 函数执行的原子操作属于 “获取-添加”分类，执行后变量的值增加1，返回的值是增加后的值，即增加前的值加1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
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     "language": "csharp"
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   "source": [
    "//计数器类\n",
    "public class Counter\n",
    "{\n",
    "    //总次数\n",
    "    public static int TotalNumber = 0;\n",
    "    \n",
    "    //方法循环次数\n",
    "    public static readonly int LoopNumber = 100;\n",
    "\n",
    "    //执行\n",
    "    public static void Execute()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        for (int i = 1; i <= LoopNumber; i++)\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            //原子操作\n",
    "            System.Threading.Interlocked.Increment(ref TotalNumber);\n",
    "        }\n",
    "        Console.WriteLine($\"线程[{Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId.ToString(\"000\")}] 执行了累加 {LoopNumber} 次，结束时 TotalNumber = {TotalNumber}\");\n",
    "    }\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//使用域隔离和代码折叠\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var threads =  new List<Thread>()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        new Thread(Counter.Execute){Name=\"thread_a\"},\n",
    "        new Thread(Counter.Execute){Name=\"thread_b\"}\n",
    "    };\n",
    "\n",
    "    threads.ForEach(t => t.Start());\n",
    "    threads.ForEach(t => t.Join());\n",
    "\n",
    "    //主线程信息\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"主(执行)线程[{Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId.ToString(\"000\")}] 结束时，TotalLoopNumber = {Counter.TotalNumber}\");\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//原子操作，多线程下多次执行结果相同"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 原子递减 Interlocked.Decrement()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "属于 `获取-添加`分类，执行后变量的值减少1，返回值是减少后的值即原值减1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "dotnet_interactive": {
     "language": "csharp"
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    "polyglot_notebook": {
     "kernelName": "csharp"
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     "languageId": "polyglot-notebook"
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#region 原子递减\n",
    "//原子递减\n",
    "public class Counter4Decrement\n",
    "{\n",
    "    //总次数\n",
    "    public static int TotalNumber = 0;\n",
    "    \n",
    "    //方法循环次数\n",
    "    public static readonly int LoopNumber = 10000;\n",
    "\n",
    "    //执行\n",
    "    public static void Decrement()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        for (int i = 1; i <= LoopNumber; i++)\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            //原子操作：循环递减,返回递减后的值\n",
    "            var decreValue = System.Threading.Interlocked.Decrement(ref TotalNumber);\n",
    "        }\n",
    "        Console.WriteLine($\"线程[{Thread.CurrentThread.Name}] 执行了递减 {LoopNumber} 次，结束时 TotalNumber = {TotalNumber}\");\n",
    "    }\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//使用域隔离和代码折叠\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var threads =  new List<Thread>()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        new Thread(Counter4Decrement.Decrement){Name=\"thread_a\"},\n",
    "        new Thread(Counter4Decrement.Decrement){Name=\"thread_b\"}\n",
    "    };\n",
    "\n",
    "    threads.ForEach(t => t.Start());\n",
    "    threads.ForEach(t => t.Join());\n",
    "\n",
    "    //主线程信息\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"主(执行)线程[{Thread.CurrentThread.Name}] 结束时，TotalLoopNumber = {Counter4Decrement.TotalNumber}\");\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//原子操作：\n",
    "//1、多线程下,每线程执行结束后共享变量可能不同\n",
    "//2、所有线程结束, 主线程获取的变量值与最后完成的线程值相同\n",
    "#endregion"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 原子增加指定数量(负数为减) Interlocked.Add()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Interlocked.Add 属于 `获取-添加`分类，执行后变量的值加等于第二个参数的值，返回值是增加后的值即原值加第二个参数值"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "dotnet_interactive": {
     "language": "csharp"
    },
    "polyglot_notebook": {
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   "source": [
    "//原子增加指定数量\n",
    "public class Counter4Add\n",
    "{\n",
    "    //共享变量\n",
    "    public static int ShareNumber = 0;\n",
    "\n",
    "    //执行\n",
    "    public static void Add()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        //随机休眠，打乱多线程执行顺序\n",
    "        Thread.Sleep(Random.Shared.Next(100,500));\n",
    "\n",
    "        //原子操作：增加指定数量\n",
    "        var decreValue = System.Threading.Interlocked.Add(ref ShareNumber,2);\n",
    "        Console.WriteLine($\"线程[{Thread.CurrentThread.Name}] 递减2后， ShareNumber = {ShareNumber}\");\n",
    "    }\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//使用域隔离和代码折叠\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var threads =  new List<Thread>()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        new Thread(Counter4Add.Add){Name=\"thread_a\"},\n",
    "        new Thread(Counter4Add.Add){Name=\"thread_b\"}\n",
    "    };\n",
    "\n",
    "    threads.ForEach(t => t.Start());\n",
    "    threads.ForEach(t => t.Join());\n",
    "\n",
    "    //主线程信息\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"主[执行]线程获共享变量 ShareNumber 最终的值 = {Counter4Add.ShareNumber}\");\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//原子操作：\n",
    "//1、两个线程同时执行会输出: 2 4 或 4 2\n",
    "//2、全局变量最终的值为 4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 原子替换 Interlocked.Exchange()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Interlocked.Exchange() 属于 `测试-设置` 分类, 将变量的值修改为第二个参数的值，返回修改前的值"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "dotnet_interactive": {
     "language": "csharp"
    },
    "polyglot_notebook": {
     "kernelName": "csharp"
    },
    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "polyglot-notebook"
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   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "//原子替换\n",
    "public class Counter4Exchange\n",
    "{\n",
    "    //共享变量\n",
    "    public static int ShareNumber = 0;\n",
    "\n",
    "    //执行\n",
    "    public static void Exchange()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        //随机休眠，打乱多线程执行顺序\n",
    "        Thread.Sleep(Random.Shared.Next(100,500));\n",
    "\n",
    "        //原子操作：替换\n",
    "        var oldValue = System.Threading.Interlocked.Exchange(ref ShareNumber,1);\n",
    "        Console.WriteLine($\"线程[{Thread.CurrentThread.Name}] 替换前的值为 {oldValue}\");\n",
    "    }\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//使用域隔离和代码折叠\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var threads =  new List<Thread>()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        new Thread(Counter4Exchange.Exchange){Name=\"thread_a\"},\n",
    "        new Thread(Counter4Exchange.Exchange){Name=\"thread_b\"}\n",
    "    };\n",
    "\n",
    "    threads.ForEach(t => t.Start());\n",
    "    threads.ForEach(t => t.Join());\n",
    "\n",
    "    //主线程信息\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"主[执行]线程获共享变量 ShareNumber 最终的值 = {Counter4Exchange.ShareNumber}\");\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//原子替换：\n",
    "//1、两个线程同时执行会输出: 0 1 或 1 0\n",
    "//2、全局变量最终的值为 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 原子比较替换 Interlocked.CompareExchange()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Interlocked.CompareExchange() 属于 `比较-交换` 分类, 执行时如果变量的值等于第三个变量的值，则修改为第二个变量的值并返回修改前的值；否则直接返回现有值"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "dotnet_interactive": {
     "language": "csharp"
    },
    "polyglot_notebook": {
     "kernelName": "csharp"
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    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "polyglot-notebook"
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   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "//原子比较替换\n",
    "public class Counter4CompareExchange\n",
    "{\n",
    "    //共享变量\n",
    "    public static int ShareNumber = 0;\n",
    "\n",
    "    //执行\n",
    "    public static void CompareExchange()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        //随机休眠，打乱多线程执行顺序\n",
    "        Thread.Sleep(Random.Shared.Next(100,500));\n",
    "\n",
    "        //原子操作：比较替换\n",
    "        int y;\n",
    "        while(true)\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            y = ShareNumber;\n",
    "            int oldShareValue = System.Threading.Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref ShareNumber,y+1,y);\n",
    "\n",
    "            if(oldShareValue == y)\n",
    "            {\n",
    "                break;\n",
    "            }\n",
    "        }\n",
    "\n",
    "        Console.WriteLine($\"线程[{Thread.CurrentThread.Name}] 替换前的值为 {y+1}\");\n",
    "    }\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//使用域隔离和代码折叠\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var threads =  new List<Thread>()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        new Thread(Counter4CompareExchange.CompareExchange){Name=\"thread_a\"},\n",
    "        new Thread(Counter4CompareExchange.CompareExchange){Name=\"thread_b\"}\n",
    "    };\n",
    "\n",
    "    threads.ForEach(t => t.Start());\n",
    "    threads.ForEach(t => t.Join());\n",
    "\n",
    "    //主线程信息\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"主[执行]线程获共享变量 ShareNumber 最终的值 = {Counter4CompareExchange.ShareNumber}\");\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//原子替换：\n",
    "//1、两个线程同时执行会输出: 1 2 或 2 1\n",
    "//2、全局变量最终的值为 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 原子读取 Interlocked.Read()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "从内存读取值通常都是原子的，除非32位平台读取64位数据，比如32位平台上读取 long 型数值。因为32位平台读取64位数据是分高位和低位两次读取操作的，所以不是原子操作。原子读取一般会与其它原子操作配合使用。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "dotnet_interactive": {
     "language": "csharp"
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "//原子读取\n",
    "public class Counter4Read\n",
    "{\n",
    "    //共享变量,64位数据\n",
    "    public static long ShareNumber = 0;\n",
    "\n",
    "    //循环次数\n",
    "    public readonly static int LoopNumber = 10000;\n",
    "\n",
    "    //一个线程循环替换数据\n",
    "    public static void Exchange()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "       for(int i=0; i< LoopNumber; i++)\n",
    "       {\n",
    "            System.Threading.Interlocked.Exchange(ref ShareNumber,0x7aaabbbbccccdddd);\n",
    "       }\n",
    "    }\n",
    "    \n",
    "    //一个线程循环读取\n",
    "    //无论多少次读取的都是 0 或者 0x7aaabbbbccccdddd\n",
    "    //不可能是 0x7aaabbbb00000000 或者 ccccdddd\n",
    "    public static void Read()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        for(int i=0; i< LoopNumber; i++)\n",
    "        {\n",
    "            long y = System.Threading.Interlocked.Read(ref ShareNumber);\n",
    "\n",
    "            //此条件应该永远不成立\n",
    "            if(y==0x7aaabbbb00000000 || y==0x00000000ccccdddd)\n",
    "            {   \n",
    "                Console.WriteLine($\"线程[{System.Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.Name}], 读取到非原子值{y}\");\n",
    "            }\n",
    "        }\n",
    "    }\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//使用域隔离和代码折叠\n",
    "{\n",
    "    var threads =  new List<Thread>()\n",
    "    {\n",
    "        new Thread(Counter4Read.Exchange){Name=\"thread_a\"},\n",
    "        new Thread(Counter4Read.Read){Name=\"thread_b\"}\n",
    "    };\n",
    "\n",
    "    threads.ForEach(t => t.Start());\n",
    "    threads.ForEach(t => t.Join());\n",
    "\n",
    "    //主线程信息\n",
    "    Console.WriteLine($\"主[执行]线程获共享变量 ShareNumber 最终的值 = {Counter4Read.ShareNumber}\");\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "//原子读取：\n",
    "//1、无论多少次读取的都是 0 或者 0x7aaabbbbccccdddd 不可能是 0x7aaabbbb00000000 或者 ccccdddd\n",
    "//2、全局变量最终的值为 0x7aaabbbbccccdddd 即是 8839083633937276381 或者极概率是 0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 内存屏障 Interlocked.MemoryBarrier()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "System.Threading.Interlocked 还提供了一些其它方法，比如内存屏障相关的 MemoryBarrier() 和 MemoryBarrierProcessWide() 和 新的 And() Or()方法等。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
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     "language": "csharp"
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    "vscode": {
     "languageId": "polyglot-notebook"
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "/*\n",
    "System.Threading.Interlocked.MemoryBarrier();\n",
    "System.Threading.Interlocked.MemoryBarrierProcessWide();\n",
    "System.Threading.Interlocked.And();\n",
    "System.Threading.Interlocked.Or();\n",
    "*/"
   ]
  }
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      "name": "fsharp"
     },
     {
      "aliases": [],
      "languageName": "HTML",
      "name": "html"
     },
     {
      "aliases": [
       "js"
      ],
      "languageName": "JavaScript",
      "name": "javascript"
     },
     {
      "aliases": [],
      "languageName": "KQL",
      "name": "kql"
     },
     {
      "aliases": [],
      "languageName": "Mermaid",
      "name": "mermaid"
     },
     {
      "aliases": [
       "powershell"
      ],
      "languageName": "PowerShell",
      "name": "pwsh"
     },
     {
      "aliases": [],
      "languageName": "SQL",
      "name": "sql"
     },
     {
      "aliases": [],
      "name": "value"
     },
     {
      "aliases": [
       "frontend"
      ],
      "name": "vscode"
     },
     {
      "aliases": [],
      "name": "webview"
     }
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 2
}